RADIOLOGICAL IMAGE FORMATION

           

IMG. GENERATED FROM GOOGLE GEMINI

         Radiological image formation involves capturing the interaction of                 X-rays with tissues to produce diagnostic images.

        1. X-ray Production-

      Inside the X-ray tube Electrons are emitted from a heated filament                 (cathode) and accelerated toward a tungsten target (anode) by a                 high  voltage.

    As electrons collide with the target, X-rays are produced via energy loss        is called as Bremsstrahlung radiation and target atom electron                         transitions is called as characteristic radiation.

        2. Beam Interaction with Tissues-

        The X-ray beam is attenuated as it passes through the body due to     

1.       Photoelectric effect where X-ray photons are completely absorbed by tissues with higher atomic numbers.

2.       Crompton scattering where -ray photons scatter after interacting with tissue electrons, leading to image noise.

3.       Differential Attenuation where Variations in attenuation by tissues of different densities and compositions result in contrast in the image.

3. Detection-

Film/screen systems are rarely used today which rely on light from phosphor screens to expose the film. Now a day’s digital detectors are used mostly which are two types,

1.    Flat panel detector(FPD) - It Uses  scintillators and photodiodes to convert X-rays to electrical signals.

2.    Computed Radiography(CR)- which Employ photostimulable phosphor plates which is scanned by laser scanners for image formation.

Later the captured data converted to electrical signals and processed as images.

            4. Image Quality

The Contrast of the film is determined by tissue properties and X-ray energy (kVp).

The Spatial resolution depends on the detector system and focal spot size.

Random variations in signal, influenced by scattered radiation and insufficient photon count causes noise (low mAs).

        5. Image Processing

In the Pre-processing Correction for detector artifacts and calibrations done

In Post-processing the  Adjustment of contrast, brightness, and edge enhancement for better visualizations done

Reconstruction Algorithms Used in advanced imaging modalities like CT and MRI to create detailed cross-sectional or 3D images.

        6. Display and Storage

Images are displayed on monitors using the DICOM format and stored in PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System).

N:B- THIS ARTICLE WRITTEN WITH THE HELP OF AI AND OWN WORDS IF IT IS FOUND SIMILAR THEN IT IS ACCIDENTAL ONLY.